1Graduate School of Integrative Science and Engineering, Tokyo City University, 1-28-1 Tamadzutsumi, Setagata, Tokyo 158-85517 2LLC Studio Ace-Enterprise and Pretties, Shimosueyosi 5-5-2, TsurumiYokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0012, Japan 3Department of Human and Information Science, School of Information Science and Technology, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan 4Course of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokai University 5Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo City University, 1-28-1 Tamadzutsumi, Setagata, Tokyo 158-85517 6Saijo Ecology Institute, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0141, Japan 7Technology Joint Management Office, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan

The diversity of life forms on Earth, or biodiversity, is vital for both human well-being and the stability of ecosystems. This review examines the importance of biodiversity at a variety of scales, including genetic diversity within species and global ecological diversity. Examines risks to biodiversity, such as pollution, overuse of natural resources, habitat degradation and climate change.

Biodiversity, conservation biology, ecosystem stability, threats to biodiversity, protected areas, sustainable management.

The variety of life forms on Earth is known as biodiversity and includes all levels of biological structure, from genes to ecosystems. (Coleman DC et al., 2024) Biodiversity is essential to maintaining the resilience and health of our planet. It is made up of millions of species living in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, each of which makes a unique contribution to biogeochemical cycles and global ecological processes. The essential ecosystem services provided by biodiversity include food production, climate management, water purification and cultural values, all of which are vital for human well-being. Fundamentally, biodiversity protects the stability of natural systems by ensuring that ecosystems are resilient and adaptable to changes in their environment. However, biodiversity is threatened by human activity at a rate never seen before. These activities include habitat destruction, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation of natural resources. To reduce these risks and protect the Earth’s natural legacy for future generations, (Jigyasu R, Jokilehto Jet al., 2024) it is essential to recognize the value of biodiversity and implement effective conservation plans. This overview covers the importance of biodiversity, its difficulties, and the tactics needed to preserve it in the face of ecosystem disruptions around the world. The rich web of life on Earth, known as biodiversity, includes the diversity of species, the genetic variation within species, and the intricate ecosystems in which they coexist. It is essential for ecological resilience and health, supports ecosystem function and offers a number of vital benefits. To human societies. Biodiversity underpins our way of life and defines our relationship with the natural world in a variety of ways, from pollination and nutrient cycling to climate regulation and cultural inspiration. Despite its vital value, human activity poses enormous risks to biodiversity. Natural habitats are being degraded and landscapes are becoming more fragmented due to habitat damage caused by infrastructure development, agriculture and urbanization. By changing temperature and precipitation patterns, which impact species distribution and habitat suitability, climate change intensifies these effects. Plastics, chemical pollutants and industrial runoff contribute to pollution that deteriorates ecosystems and endangers the existence of some species. Excessive use of natural resources, such as overfishing and illegal wildlife trade, accelerates the extinction of species and disrupts the balance of the ecosystem.Sustainable development and biodiversity conservation must be given top priority in integrated conservation plans to address these issues. As havens where ecosystems can flourish, protected areas and conservation reserves are essential for maintaining habitats and species populations. (Sharma I, Birman Set at.,2024). The goal of sustainable resource management techniques, such as forest management, sustainable agriculture and fisheries management, is to meet human needs while relieving pressure on biodiversity. International collaboration is facilitated by conventions and agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which encourage national efforts to combat biodiversity loss and promote conservation globally. Achieving biodiversity conservation goals requires advances in scientific research, increasing public awareness and encouraging community participation. We can safeguard the natural services that support human civilization and ensure a sustainable future for future generations by appreciating and protecting biodiversity.

Natural ecosystems have been drastically affected by human activity, including deforestation, urbanization and increased agricultural production, resulting in habitat loss and fragmentation. Fragmentation causes population isolation, reduces genetic diversity, and interferes with ecological processes that are vital to the survival of species and the health of ecosystems. (Keijzer T,et al.,2024)

By changing temperature and precipitation patterns, species distribution, phenology (the timing of biological processes) and habitat suitability, climate change poses serious risks to biodiversity. Changes in climate regimes have the potential to impair interactions between species, such as predation and pollination, and make species already under stress from other factors more vulnerable. (Onoh UCet al.,2024)

Air, water and soil pollution from industrial, agricultural and urban sources harms ecosystems and the creatures that live in them. Plastics, chemical pollutants and fertilizers can harm aquatic life, deteriorate ecosystems and reduce water quality, all of which have a ripple effect on biodiversity. (ODUDELE R et al.,2024)

Ecosystems and population health are at risk due to the unsustainable harvesting of species for food, medicine and other commercial uses. Overfishing, the illegal wildlife trade and the destruction of ancient forests cause population declines faster than they can be replenished, endangering species and upsetting the delicate balance of ecosystems. (Goswami D et al.,2024.)

To keep ecosystems resilient and healthy and ensure that humanity can continue to rely on vital ecosystem services, biodiversity must be preserved. While there are many threats to biodiversity, including habitat destruction, climate change and overexploitation of resources, there is hope to reverse biodiversity loss through effective conservation strategies, such as protected areas, sustainable resource management and international agreements that promote global cooperation. By giving biodiversity conservation the highest priority in policy, practice and public awareness, we can protect the Earth’s many species and ecosystems and ensure future generations a sustainable future.

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